They look like a platform because they are flat on the summit and abruptly raised on their slopes. The central region is known as Kalat. In the deserts of the Middle East and Asia, nomadic tent communities continue to flourish. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. When rain finally comes, the seeds sprout rapidly. In the plains, however, mean annual precipitation generally decreases from northeast to southwest, falling from about 20 inches (500 mm) at Lahore to less than 5 inches (130 mm) in the Indus River corridor and 3.5 inches (90 mm) at Sukkur. Global warming is the most current instance of climate change. Winds at speeds of about 100 kilometers per hour (60 miles per hour) sweep through some deserts. Trees and other vegetation are being planted to break the force of the wind and to hold the soil. Rainstorms sometimes come as violent cloudbursts. The largest glacier is Engil'chek Glacier, which is about 60 kilometers (37 miles) long. The Indus River basin is a large, fertile alluvial plain formed by silt from the Indus. Pakistan is the most diverse country in the world, with four distinctive regions. Pakistan is rich in natural beauty and scenic views. Rapidly expanding populations in California, Nevada, and Arizona have compounded the problem. One railway line serves the southern part of the region. Thar Desert, also called Great Indian Desert, arid region of rolling sand hills on the Indian subcontinent. Evenings are cool; the diurnal variation in temperature may be as much as 20 to 30 F (11 to 17 C). Sugar cane is a very water-intensive crop mostly harvested in tropical regions. Desertification usually happens in semi-arid areas that border deserts.Human activities are a primary cause of desertification. Our country has all the features that one expects from a country. As the muddy water roars downhill, it cuts deep channels, called arroyos or wadis. Taking to his official Twitter handle, Sharif directed . When they open, they also release water vapor. Found in different regions across the country, the deserts of Pakistan are best-known for their unique features, which also differentiates them from each other. The Hohokam used the canals to irrigate their crops. With little vegetation to anchor it, the thin topsoil quickly eroded. The plants soak up water quickly and store it in their cells. Karakum desert. 1) Himalayas are mostly made up of sedimentary rocks and unconsolidated and semi-consolidated deposits. Elephants, gazelles, rhinos, giraffes, and people used stream-fed pools and lakes.There were three or four other moist periods in the Sahara. Rajasthan- Relief and Structure The main geographic feature of Rajasthan is the Aravalli Range, which runs across the state from southwest Guru Peak (Mount Abu), which is 1,722 m in height to Khetri in the northeast, for more than 850 km.This divides Rajasthan into 60% in the North West of the lines and 40% in the southeast. The southern region is known as Makran. These soils vary in texture, chemical composition, colour, and organic content from place to place. Small pores in the leaves, called stomata, take in carbon dioxide. GS Paper 1. The parabolic dunes typically have two arms and a top that joins them. Indian Relief Features The Great Himalayas The Himalayas are a group of geologically young and structurally fold mountains that extend past the northernmost limits of India. The 20-inch (500-mm) precipitation line, which runs northwest from near Lahore, marks off the Potwar Plateau and a part of the Indus plain in the northeast; these areas receive enough rainfall for dry farming (farming without irrigation). The air then cools and forms clouds that drop moisture on the windward (wind-facing) slopes. Soils in the vicinity of river courses are the most recent and vary in texture from sand to silt loam and silty clay loams. 2>zP]w$U6pIlb:t;XD>.$nZ2$sGWc(rm&@ Q[At 3L'z a`10+B. The resulting fences break the force of the wind at ground level, stopping dune movement by confining the sand within the squares of the grid.New technologies are also being developed to combat desertification. These shimmering waves confuse the eye, causing travelers to see distorted images called mirages.Temperature extremes are a characteristic of most deserts. Along the coastal strip, the climate is modified by sea breezes. Death Valley, the lowest and driest place in North America, is in the rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada mountains. In some deserts, temperatures rise so high that people are at risk of dehydration and even death. They are long crests of sand that form more or less parallel to the prevailing wind and where the supply of sand is limited (Araucania geological routes, 2017). For instance, it offers some of the most amazing views of sand dunes, the beauty of which is amplified by a flawless canopy of blue sky in the background. Almost the entire continent of Antarctica is a polar desert, experiencing little precipitation. They are mounds of sand that the wind moves, accumulates and shapes. The surface consists of aeolian (wind-deposited) sand that has accumulated over the past 1.8 million years. The thorny devil, a lizard that lives in the Australian Outback, has a system of tiny grooves and channels on its body that lead to its mouth. The formation of dunes according to the wind results from the influx of 3 factors: the speed at which the wind runs, the amount of sediment it will move and the amount of vegetation present. The Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, is a large, arid region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent that forms a natural boundary between India and Pakistan. % They include:-. This has happened among the states in the Colorado River Basin, which have negotiated for many years over the division of the rivers water. These oases are supported by some of the worlds largest supplies of underground water. In the submontane areas under subhumid conditions these soils are noncalcareous and have slightly higher organic content. There are chains of high mountains which are covered with snow throughout the year and also fertile lands and green valleys. The geography of Pakistan is a blend of landscapes. A large canal-building project is currently underway to irrigate the land. Some deserts are mountainous. Where water is available, farmers grow crops such as wheat and cotton. One legend holds that the Persian Emperor Cambyses II sent an army of 50,000 men to the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt around 530 BCE. Pakistan, part of the greater Indian subcontinent, is situated at the crossroads of the Middle East and Asia. They provide nutritive pasturage as well as medicines used locally by the inhabitants. It has snow capped lime stone ridges (peaks). Pakistans soils are classified as pedocals, which comprise a dry soil group with high concentrations of calcium carbonate and a low content of organic matter; they are characteristic of a land with low and erratic precipitation. Deserts are arid terrestrial areas characterized by scarce rainfall, sparse vegetation, and wildlife. But the region can go decades without rainfall. 'Indira Gandhi Canal' is the longest canal in Country (650 kms) watering part of the Thar desert. He Desert relief Typically has plains or plains, a variety of dunes and plateaus. The high plain of the Indus Plain is also called . Q Describe the relief features of western mountains. Tien Shan also has more than 10,100 square kilometers (3,900 square miles) of glaciers. South of this region, cultivation is confined mainly to riverine strips until the advent of irrigation. The desert boasts some incredibly distinct natural features. Daytime temperatures in the Chihuahua can climb beyond 37C (100F), while nighttime temperatures can dip below freezing (0C or 32F). The southeastern part of the Indus plain, from eastern Bahawalpur to the Thar Parkar region in the south, is a typical desert, an extension of the Thar Desert between Pakistan and India. The resulting cooler, drier air mass moves away from the Equator. "We mobilised close to half-a-billion Namibia dollars in just about three years. Few organisms can withstand the freezing, dry climate of Antarctica.Changing DesertsThe regions that are deserts today were not always so dry. When patches of ground get very hot, the heated air above them begins to rise and spin. which?] The soils consist of several main groupsdesert soils, red desertic soils, sierozems (brownish gray soils), the red and yellow soils of the foothills, the saline soils of the depressions, and the lithosols (shallow weathered soils) and regosols (soft loose soils) found in the hills. The two highest peaks in the Tien Shan are Victory Peak, which stands at 7,439 meters (24,406 feet), and Khan Tngiri Peak, which stands at 6,995 meters (22,949 feet). Almost all types of fruits are grown here which are considered among the best in the world concerning taste. A major earthquake centred in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa's Kohistan District in 1965 also caused heavy damage. [2] The Warsak Dam on the Kabul River near Peshawar is smaller. Sheep are bred for both medium-fine and rough wool. Windbreaks made of trees have been planted throughout the Sahel, the southern border region of the Sahara Desert. The dunes are in continual motion and take on varying shapes and sizes. Source: The Hindu Context: An intensive study of Earth's deep interior, based on the behaviour of seismic waves from large earthquakes, confirmed the existence of a distinct structure inside our planet's inner core - a hot innermost solid ball of iron and nickel about 800 miles (1,350 km) wide. Answer: Peninsular Plateau. A thunderstorm can send a fast-moving torrent of watera flash flooddown a dry arroyo. Full of interesting facts that may not be known to your children. >> A kaffiyeh is a rectangular piece of cloth folded loosely around the head to protect the wearer from sun exposure, dust, and sand. Cholistan Desert 3. Katpana desert is also known as The Cold desert. The Thar Desert is located on the leeward side of Aravalis. The desert vegetation is mostly herbaceous or stunted scrub; drought-resistant trees occasionally dot the landscape, especially in the east. The Supreme Court on Tuesday refused to entertain Delhi Deputy Chief Minister Manish Sisodia's plea challenging his arrest in connection with the excise policy case. Coal of a medium quality is also found. It is the largest desert of Pakistan and the only subtropical desert of Asia. Educationist: Zeeshan Hussain (www.OAlevels.com) The relief feature of these mountains includes the high altitude i-e 5000m, mostly Snowy peak with number of glaciers Siachen, Baltro etc. Sheep and cattle have reduced the native vegetation in Patagonia, causing loss of valuable topsoil. Other deserts consist of rocky plateaus, called hammadas, separated by sand-filled basins. Windstorms in the Sahara hurl so much material into the air that African dust sometimes crosses the Atlantic Ocean. The high Himalayan ranges border Pakistan to the north. The upper Indus Basin includes Punjab; the lower Indus Basin begins at the Panjnad River (the confluence of the eastern tributaries of the Indus) and extends south to the coast. Local desert communities can divert rivers on a smaller scale. This is an extensive area of 347,190km2 with a number of distinct natural topographical and drainage features that can be identified as follows: The small city of Quetta was almost completely destroyed, and the adjacent military cantonment was heavily damaged. Many of these people rely on centuries-old customs to make their lives as comfortable as possibleCivilizations throughout the Middle East and Maghreb have adapted their clothing to the hot, dry conditions of the Sahara and Arabian deserts. Since the 1960s, Lake Chad has shrunk to half its size. Leeward slopes face away from prevailing winds.When moisture-laden air hits a mountain range, it is forced to rise. The range extends from the Jhelum River to the Indus, across the northern portion of the Punjab province. Thus there are three mountain ranges in northern Pakistan: Karakoram, Himalayas and Hindu Kush. Precipitation amounts fluctuate widely from year to year. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. O Levels Topical Past Papers of Environment of Pakistan 2059/02 PAKISTAN STUDIES PAPERS (2002-2012) Compiled By : Rizwan Javed GCEGUIDE.COM fPaper II: Contents The natural Topography 2 Climate of Pakistan 19 Forests 61 Development of Mineral Resources 80 Fishing 89 Agriculture 98 Power Resources 143 Industries 160 Trade 193 Transport and . Trees shed their leaves to avoid excessive moisture loss. They produce food in their green stems.Some desert plants, such as cactuses, have shallow, wide-spreading root systems. The Thal Desert is located in northeastern Pakistan between the Indus and Jhelum rivers. On the hills, gum arabic acacia and euphorbia may be found. [2] The Sutlej river, however, is mostly on the Indian side of the border. Deals with transport and accommodation issues. The desert presents an undulating surface, with high and low sand dunes separated by sandy plains and low barren hills, or bhakars, which rise abruptly from the surrounding plains. It has height up to of 4712 metres. This is an extensive area of 347,190 km 2 with a number of distinct natural topographical and drainage features that can be identified as follows: Basins of Northern Balochistan Basins of Western Balochistan Mountain ranges Coastal areas Salt Range in District Minawali Punjab Pakistan Salt Range [ edit] Roads and buildings were washed away, and more than 100 people died.Even in a desert, water and wind eventually wear away softer rock. It has also spread into India. Large areas of desert soil are irrigated by water pumped from underground sources or brought by canal from distant rivers or lakes. Some geographers designate additional major regions. Nomads move frequently so their flocks of sheep and goats will have water and grazing land.Besides animals like camels and goats, a variety of desert vegetation is found in oases and along the shores of rivers and lakes. This lovely fact file will introduce the size and scale of deserts across the world and help children understand the importance of these often mysterious habitats. It showcases the rich heritage of Rajasthan and its culture. Other subtropical deserts include the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa and the Tanami Desert in northern Australia.Coastal DesertsCold ocean currents contribute to the formation of coastal deserts. The prevailing southwest monsoon winds that bring rain to much of the subcontinent in summer tend to bypass the Thar to the east. Basins of Western Balochistan Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. As for the desert fauna, there are few animal species adapted to this extreme biome. These polar deserts contain great quantities of water, but most of it is locked in glaciers and ice sheets year-round. Clothing is versatile and based on robes made of rectangles of fabric. A djebba is a short, square pullover shirt worn by men. Hot and Cold DesertsThe largest hot desert in the world is the Sahara, which is 9 million square kilometers (3.5 million square miles). When the air moves over the mountaintop and begins to descend the leeward slopes, there is little moisture left. Unfortunately, at the time farmers were investing in slash-and-burn agriculture, Madagascar experienced long-term droughts. The ancient Anasazi peoples of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico constructed huge apartment complexes in the rocky cliffs of the Sonoran Desert. The population density is very low due to the mountainous terrain and scarcity of water. The Western Mountains 3. The Sukkur Barrage on the Indus River, completed in 1932, irrigates the southern Thar region in Pakistan by means of canals, and the Gang Canal carries water from the Sutlej River to the northwest. The rains usually do not exceed 25 cm per year, or what is equal to 10 inches (Geology.com, 2017). It is bordered by the irrigated Indus River plain to the west, the Punjab Plain to the north and northeast, the Aravalli Range to the southeast, and the Rann of Kachchh to the south. Most experts agree that a desert is an area of land that receives no more than 25 centimeters (10 inches) of precipitation a year. It can be folded and unfolded to cover the mouth, nose, and eyes. Climatologists identify this period as the Green Sahara.Archaeological evidence of past settlements is abundant in the middle of what are arid, unproductive areas of the Sahara today. The 10 largest deserts in square kilometers of the planet are: Antarctic Desert (13,829,430) Arctic Desert (13,726,937) Sahara (9,065,253) Arabian Desert (2,300,000) Australian desert (1,371,000) Gobi Desert (1,300,000) Kalahari Desert (930,000) Patagonian Desert (670,000) Desert of Syria (409,000) Chihuahua Desert (362,600) Desert relief features The Indus 200000 Valley Desert lies between two major rivers in the region, the Chenab and the Indus. In fact, it gets covered with lush green vegetation during February and March as the local farmers use the desert land for the cultivation of green chickpeas. The dry, hot weather is broken occasionally by dust storms and thunderstorms that temporarily lower the temperature. Populations at resorts like Palm Springs, California, and Las Vegas, Nevada, have boomed. The Salt Range contains the great mines of Mayo, Khewra Salt Mine, Warcha and Kalabagh, which yield vast supplies of salt. These dams, along with a series of headworks and barrages built by the British and expanded since the independence of Pakistan in 1947, are of vital importance to the national economy and played an important role in calming the raging floodwaters of 1992, which devastated large areas in the northern highlands and the Punjab plains. In fact, the Atacama Desert is the driest place on Earth. The highest temperature on Earth was recorded there:56.7 C (134.1 F).The largest polar desert is Antarctica, at 13 million square kilometers (5 million square miles). This evidence includes rock paintings, graves, and tools. The northern and western mountains are the Korakoram, the. The desert is widely known for its extremely arid climatic conditions. Hydrogen molecules in the fat combine with inhaled oxygen to form water. The humps store fat. They are usually flat, with little sediment available, without vegetation and rather low, reaching heights average of 9 to 30 meters but extensions between the tip of one arm and another of 365 meters (Types of dunes, 2017). "We have examined the interim applications which have now been filed by various group of companies for recalling of the order dated November 7, 2022, pursuant to which we consciously recalled our . Straw is poked partway into the sand, forming a pattern of small squares along the contours of the dunes. A soaking rain can change a desert into a wonderland of flowers almost overnight. A jackrabbits long ears contain blood vessels that release heat. Agreements that were made in the early 20th century failed to account for Native American water rights. The Islands. Desert parks, such as Death Valley National Park, California, attract thousands of visitors every year. They are another type of geographical accident that offers the desert whose elevations have flat tops and very steep slopes (Kalman & Mac Aulay, 2008, page 21). Although temperatures outside varied greatly from day to night, temperatures inside did not. Several playas (saline lake beds), locally known as dhands, are scattered throughout the region. TheCold Desertis a high-altitude desert located nearSkardu, inPakistans northernGilgit-Baltistanregion. (iii) This region receives very low rainfall, below 150 mm per year. Overgrazing and deforestation remove plants that anchor the soil. You cannot download interactives. We use cookies to provide our online service. The desert extends over a length of 305km and has a width varying from 32km to as . All in all, over 5000 persons have benefitted from the Build Bright Pakistan initiative. The name Thar is derived from thul, the general term for the regions sand ridges. Some xerocoles avoid the sun by resting in scarce shade. Water for irrigation is transported from hundreds of kilometers away, or drilled from hundreds of meters underground.Oases in desert climates have been popular spots for tourists for centuries. Various geomorphic features supporting recent tectonic movements were deciphered from the various remotely sensed data. Rural Israeli communities called kibbutzim rely on aquifers to furnish water for crops and even fish farming in the dry Negev Desert. The Thar Desert spans an area of 175,000 square kilometers and covers large areas of Pakistan and India. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topography_of_Pakistan&oldid=1117077755, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 19 October 2022, at 20:30. On this occasion, in order to focus on the dunes characteristic of the desert and omit the coastal dunes, we will take as a reference the classification of the dunes according to the direction of the wind. People who migrate to the warm, dry desert for the winter and return to more temperate climates in the spring are sometimes called snowbirds.In rural areas, hot days turn into cool nights, providing welcome relief from the scorching sun. Mountains 2. About 85% of the Thar Desert is in India, and the remaining 15% is in Pakistan. The subtropical desert climate there results from persistent high pressure and subsidence at that latitude. Much of the province south of the Quetta region is sparse desert terrain with pockets of inhabitable land, mostly near rivers and streams. In 1997, British pilot Andy Green set the land speed record in Black Rock Desert1,228 kilometers per hour (763 miles per hour). Tropical storms from the Arabian Sea provide precipitation to the coastal areas but are also variable in character. Most of the Balochistan plateau, especially in the west and south, is exceptionally dry. It isn't the hottest place on Earth, though. We will provide you Access to all the travel agencies in Pakistan and will also deal with travel agencies in Pakistan to provide you easiness.Tourists will register with us through chat and we will deal with travel agencies.The purpose of this is to provide cost effective trip to Pakistan. The Nile provides the most reliable, plentiful source of freshwater in the region. It is less pronounced in desert cities than cities built in heavily forested areas. Growing up in the rayless basement of the Trapper Motel, Johan Garcia Casteln would keep busy by chucking mittens at a wall and diving to catch them, like a soccer For native American water rights climate change all in all, over 5000 persons have benefitted from the Build Pakistan. Up water quickly and store it in their green stems.Some desert plants, such as wheat cotton! The Korakoram, the lowest and driest place on Earth NW Washington, DC.! 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