For the decade prior the emigrants' arrival, Utah Territory had existed essentially as a theocracy led by Brigham Young. Before any of these events, which were instrumental in drawing the brothers to the truth, the youngest son, Lorenzo, at the young age of 9 years, experienced an extraordinary and prophetic dream. [16][17], Young first heard about the massacre from John D. Lee, one of the participants. ''The whole United States rang with its horrors,'' Mark Twain recalled years later. Phineas and John were two of the early pioneers to head West and who volunteered to turn back upon the weary trail and guide other groups who were just beginning the trek, see The Faithful Young Family." They were reacting to events as they took place. Haight and Dame were also the senior regional military leaders of the Mormon militia. During Wyatt Earps later years, while he was living in Hollywood, were there any silent films or voice recordings made of him. ''It was locally planned and carried out.''. How this hostile atmosphere led to murder in a mountain valley 300 miles south of Salt Lake City, however, is fiercely contested. (Brigham Young was mistaken when he later testified that the meeting took place "some two of three months after the massacre" Young 1875.) His 11-year-old son answered questions about the day his mom and sister were killed. EastIdahoNews.com, LLC. Are there books about other independent women of the early West? Beau's son was 9 years old at the time of his father's death. While several reasons for this statement may be suggested, most persuasive is the ebb and flow of the local decision-making during the weeklong event. [9] In Utah Territory, Young worked as a printer, saddler and contractor.[10]. Or did his belief in heavenly justice prove him an unlikely culprit? Brigham Young was born in 1801 born in Whittingham, Vermont. Why? After this attack, Smiths successor, Brigham Young, led the Mormons West. As part of Young's vision of a pre-millennial "Kingdom of God," Young established colonies along the California and Old Spanish Trails, where Mormon officials governed as leaders of church, state, and military. Life After Death: 6 Insights into the Spirit World. In 1857, at the time of the Mountain Meadows Massacre, Brigham Young, was serving as President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and as Governor of Utah Territory. "John D. Lee Arrested". He felt, he said later, "as tho my head wo [ul]d crack.". Typewritten biography of Phineas Howe Young (1799-1880) by his granddaughters Eleanor White Mackay, Seraph White Allred, and Naomi Wright. People make what they want of the facts in my book, Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows, but for most readers, the evidence about who ordered the massacre is overwhelming. Young was born in Hopkinton, Massachusetts, the seventh child of John Young and Abigail Howe. She has two songs in the LDS hymnbook, is mother of six children, 10 grand, 5 great grandchildren. Two new books are reviving old accusations that Mormon leader Brigham Young masterminded massacre of 120 men, women and children who were slain at Mountain Meadows in southern Utah on Sept 11 . The document is among the Brigham Young Office Papers at the Church History Library. Lee pleaded innocence in court, but while in prison awaiting his execution made a full confession of the whole affair. Brigham Young and His Wives. Brigham Young first became involved with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints around 1830, according to PBS, very soon after the religion was created by Joseph Smith.The Church of LDS is a form of Christianity, but with additional beliefs, including that the Book of Mormon is a holy book and that the church founder, Joseph Smith, was a prophet sent by God, according to History. The family the Lord had put his hand upon did not fail. Their corpses, stripped of clothes and jewelry, were left to be picked apart by wolves and buzzards. Early in his life, Phineas was a Methodist preacher.[1]. He asked his father, who had read the book through, what his feelings were. [I]f those who are there will leave let them go in peace. We will miss him forever. True West asked the authors of both books to lay out their claims. GLENDOWERThese signs have marked me extraordinary,And all the courses of my life do show I am not in the roll of common men. Why did he threaten honest men who called for justice in the matter? On Sept. 11, 1857, a group of California-bound pioneers camping in southern Utah were murdered by a Mormon militia and its Indian allies. Historians still debate the autonomy and precise roles of local Cedar City LDS Church officials in ordering the massacre and Young's concealing of evidence in its aftermath. Young retaliated by declaring martial law. Hiding Rockwells role in expressing Eleanor to Utah from my late friend Hal was evidence that had been carefully suppressed. "[14] Brooks writes, "While Brigham Young and other church authorities did not specifically order the massacre, they did preach sermons and set up social conditions that made it possible." One of his wives alleged he ordered the deaths of people who tried to leave the faith. He went on to become a missionary in England. A plaque at the massacre site, erected by the Mormon Church in 1990, carefully avoided assigning blame, referring with baffling vagueness to ''a company of more than 120 Arkansas emigrants'' being ''attacked while en route to California. "What I'm hoping for is to close this chapter, is to . The mission of Brigham Young University founded, supported, and guided by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life. ''They had 1,000 head of longhorns, and longhorns had never been seen in Utah before.'' Joe . He initially refused any such payments, a move that landed him in jail for a . For instance, at first, Phineas was expecting perhaps even a little bit hoping to find error in this new, strange book and to expose the errors he found that they might not lead others astray. In 1844, after the assassination of Mormon leader Joseph Smith by an angry mob in Illinois, the Mormons choose Brigham Young as their new leader and follow him to a new promised land in Utah. Brigham Young: Directed by Henry Hathaway. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -- the Mormon church -- has steadfastly denied responsibility, first blaming Indians and later a rogue church official for the crime. Lee was shot by five United States soldiers . On April 15, 1832, Young and his brother John were baptized into the Latter Day Saint Church of Christ. At first, it blamed Indians; later, it claimed a rogue church official was responsibleand after two trials, Mormon militia leader John Lee was hanged in 1877 for the killings. Brigham Young had no tolerance for Mormons who began to doubt the faith. '', That conclusion is vigorously disputed by three Mormon church historians, who vow their own history of the massacre, to be published by Oxford University Press in 2004, will exonerate Young. In 1828, after moving to New York, he read The Book of Mormon for the first time and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ("Brigham Young" Biography). When the project was finished, there was still a great deal of money owed to Brigham Young by the Union Pacific and because of their financial difficulties, they were not able to meet the . Three of them bore him children. As any attorney knows, the problem with a guilty client is he acts guilty, and after the massacre Brigham Young never behaved like an innocent man. Klingensmith escaped prosecution by agreeing to testify against the others. Not circumstantial evidence. As one of John D. Lees wives put it, The Mormons were so insulted and indignant over the death or murder of Pratt that they Raked untold Vengeance on the poor Emigrants.. After enduring a four-day gun battle with their attackers, the pioneers accepted a truce that turned out to be a deadly ploy. Haight. Young Dolph was gunned down on November 17, 2021, Slim 400 was shot and killed on December 8, 2021, and Drakeo the Ruler was reportedly stabbed to death on December 18, 2021. . [18] A few days after the massacre, September 29, 1857, Lee briefed Young in Salt Lake City. The rapper's . But Matthew's aunt, Angela, believes her nephew is innocent while the real killer remains free. The official website of Brigham Young University | Provo, UT. [12], However, by the time that the express rider delivered Young's letter to Haight, the massacre at Mountain Meadows had already taken place. Four days ago he posted a video of himself singing and playing the guitar. 26 likes. The two laid hands on me, Lorenzo wrote, and asked the Lord to stop the flow of blood from my wounded arm. Young won the leadership and Strang was considered a heretic and excommunicated from the Mormon Church. The following are a few facts necessary for an understanding of this terrible event in Western and Mormon history. Simpson murdered his wife. 2015 - 2023 There were five stalwart brothers in the John Young family. In 1853, he became the second counselor to David Fullmer in the presidency of the Salt Lake Stake of the church. [5] It is unclear whether Young held this view because of a possible belief that this specific group posed a threat to colonists or that they were responsible for past crimes against Mormons. He was a brother of the Mormon prophet, Brigham Young (1801-1877). Not theories. Darriynn Brown has been charged with the murder of Cash Gernon. ''The evidence is unambiguous. (22-36, 43-45) The rebels divide the kingdom, but we already see signs that the plan is falling apart. Wouldnt these events have kindled Youngs anger and led him to seek revenge? In 1835, the Three Witnesses selected Young as one of the inaugural members of the Quorum of the Twelve. Lorenzo remained in that noble calling until he died, 18 years after that. In a confession made just before he was executed, Lee, the only person ever tried for the crime, blamed the Paiute Indians. New York CNN . Writing a polemic trying to blame Brigham Young would be self-defeating, just as writing an apologia to clear his skirts would ultimately have to justify murder. Share this quote: Like Quote. Though obviously guilty of murder, Lee was the crime's scapegoat, not instigator, the authors argue, and the Indians had little to do with it. After I had answered His inquiries, he stated that he wanted us all, but he especially wanted my brother Brigham.". We are still trying to make sense of this tragedy and why this happened. EastIdahoNews.com reached out to the Floyd County sheriff and district attorney for further information, and our calls were not immediately returned. Adding fuel to Mormon rage, they argue, was the killing, a few months before the massacre, of Apostle Parley P. Pratt. Copy. In this case, the "real message" would have been that the Indians should be left to "do as they please." not to spare horseflesh. He didnt. The crudely worded entry appears to refer to the Fancher party and suggests that Young encouraged the Indians to steal the group's cattle and engage them in a fight. He was replaced as governor the following year by Alfred Cumming. It was one of the worst American civilian atrocities of the 19th century. Lee was arrested on November 7, 1874. February 24, 2023 | 4:46pm. Brigham Young, who quickly took command of the church and its followers, tried to stifle any dissent and banish his rivals.The killing of Phineas Wilcox was part of his consolidation of power . Will Bagley, a history columnist for the Salt Lake Tribune, is the author of Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows published by the University of Oklahoma Press. An anti-Mormon mob killed Joseph and Hyrum Smith in Carthage, Illinois. "The week following I did the same, but to my surprise, I could not find the errors that I anticipated, but felt a conviction that the book was true.. As Latter-day Saints, we know that death isn't the end. However, Young later testified that he cut Lee off when he started to describe the massacre because he could not bear to hear the details. Young informed Van Vliet that he was skeptical that the army's intentions were peaceful and that the Mormons intended to resist occupation. [14], In Blood of the Prophets, Mormon historian William Bagley echoes David White's conclusion that the letter does not absolve Young of any wrongdoing. We trust through the atonement of our Savior Jesus Christ that we will see him again and he will always be part of our eternal family, Randy Davis said. ''The idea that this was an Indian massacre is just absurd,'' Ms. Denton said, citing a 1999 forensic analysis that found that many of the victims had died from gunshot wounds to the head. ROME, Georgia A recent Brigham Young University-Idaho graduate was stabbed to death over the weekend in northwestern Georgia. There is room for my brown paper-doll family: 2 gospel truths I learned as a young girl that carry my faith, 7 Latter-day Saint resources that answer questions about death and the spirit world, See the stunning winners of the Churchs International Art Competition. But do we know what awaits us after this life? Children who survived the massacre later described seeing their parents' clothes and jewelry on the bodies of local settlers. For motives, they point to the persecution of the Mormon people and to the earlier killing of Mormon leaders Joseph and Hyrum Smith. It is something that has been partially experienced and thoroughly documented by many individuals around the world. With no additional evidence, some historians have pointed to a Native American council held in Salt Lake City on September 1, 1857. Young testified that Cowdery's last statements were on the truth of Mormonism as revealed through Joseph Smith. He once said to his brother Brigham, "There is not a Bible Christian in the world; what will become of the people?". Mr. Bagley and Ms. Denton dismiss these explanations as falsehoods planted to deflect blame from church headquarters. Both authors quote a 5-year-old survivor who told a reporter two years after the event, ''My father was killed by Indians; when they washed their faces, they were white men.'' But its not a formula for good history. Brigham Young, who was born June 1, 1801, was the fourth son and eighth child, and he would later become the second president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. But history is not assumption. (No Ratings Yet) Recommend to friends. In 1868, Brigham Young signed a grading contract with the Union Pacific Railroad to work on the transcontinental line in Utah. Of the 23 who survived him, 17 received a share of his estate while the remaining 6 apparently had non conjugal roles. The nation was and remains horrified by what happened at Mountain Meadows. Brigham Young took care to never "let an opportunity pass of getting with the Prophet Joseph and of hearing him speak in public or in private, so that I might draw understanding from the fountain from which he spoke." "This," he insisted, "is the secret of the success of your humble servant" (Brigham Young, JD 12:269-70 [16 August . (Young had at least 20 wives -- by some estimates as many as 56 -- and up to 57 children.). His son Phineas was 15 . Jalelah Abu Baker. Finally, it is also a matter of historical record that none of the Indian leaders at the Salt Lake council were later at Mountain Meadows, except the Southern Ute leader, Ammon, who tried to prevent the massacre. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? Tragically, Youngs letter arrived two days after the massacre, despite one of the epic rides in Western history. Brigham Young tags: inspirational, insult, rage. when arreseted, PRYOR had a . He was the ninth of eleven children, growing up in an unsettled frontier environment characterized by frequent family moves to various communities throughout upstate New York. And, as a home missionary he administered to the sick, the needy, the spiritually weak, spreading love, light and encouragement wherever he went, according to The Faithful Young Family.". Phineas Young was an older brother of Brigham Young, who was the president of the LDS Church and the first governor of the Territory of Utah. March 28, 1884: Or was it March 8? Also susanevansmccloud@blogspot.c, Copyright 2023 Deseret News Publishing Company. The winners of the Church History Museums 12th International Art Competition have been announced, and the artwork is breathtaking. Promised safe passage from the area in exchange for surrendering their weapons, the besieged group complied only to be systematically slaughtered. But now, a new book, which has been a bestseller in Utah since it appeared last summer, claims the massacre was ordered by Mormon Prophet Brigham Young. Critics assume, yes. The Rome-News Tribune reports police were notified of an abandoned car, and the investigation led to finding Davis body, which was taken to the Georgia Bureau of Investigation crime lab for an autopsy on Sunday. ''There are very candid statements on the part of participants to a church official under the agreement of confidentiality,'' Mr. Turley said, adding that the file, along with other sources he and his co-authors were using, would be made public once their book was published. NYC woman fatally stabbed, son in custody. Brigham Young, who was born June 1, 1801, was the fourth son and eighth child, and he would . [1][2] Evidence as to whether or not Young ordered the attack on the migrant column is conflicted. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. James H. Haslam, interview by S. A. Kenner, reported by Josiah Rogerson, 4 December 1884, typescript, 11, in Josiah Rogerson, Transcripts and Notes of John D. Lee Trials, LDS Church Archives. Brigham Young was in New England with Orson Pratt when he learned of Joseph's death. Ron Walker is one of the three Mormon historians writing the upcoming rebuttal to be published by Oxford University Press. That question stumped me for years, and like many other Mormon mysteries the clues have been carefully purged from the records of Utahs past. Many Mormons -- particularly in southern Utah -- left the church over the incident. by Will Bagley and Ron Walker | Apr 1, 2003 | Features & Gunfights. Smith sold Young a copy of the Book of Mormon and told him that it had been translated from ancient records by his brother Joseph Smith. The council sought to create a Mormon-Indian alliance, and to make such an arrangement attractive to the Indians, Young allegedly told them that he would no longer stop them from stealing emigrant cattle on the California Trail. President Brigham Young's signature on a contract with the Union Pacific Railroad. A Bronx teenager was dragged from a store by a group of men, repeatedly stabbed on the sidewalk and left to die in a brutal murder that has sparked widespread outrage in the city . [3] Young's use of inflammatory and violent language[4] in response to a federal expedition to the territory (known as the Utah War) added to the tense atmosphere at the time of the attack. Like. He graduated from college in April, finished his internship this Summer, was so happy in having a girlfriend (and her family) that he truly loved, had just aced an entrance exam for his Masters program the very last day that any of us had contact with him. BYU Mission Statement. In Missouri, he left behind home, animals and fields ready to harvest and began again in Nauvoo, Illinois. Justice for his peoples wrongs was heavens responsibility, not his, he said. How do you put shoes on a cloven-footed ox? (The Rome-News refers to him as a Brigham Young University student, but EastIdahoNews.com could only confirm that he attended BYU-Idaho.). In response President James Buchanan named a new governor to replace Young and sent him west along with 2,000 United States troops. Stuart Taylor and his son Jacob join other spectators at the 139th annual Golden Spike Celebration in Promontory Summit, Utah, on Saturday, May 10, 2008, as the wood-fired . Why did he do nothing to return the stolen property of the 17 surviving orphans? They were clubbed, stabbed or shot at point-blank range, then stripped and left to be scavenged by wolves and buzzards. On one occasion she told me that if I would not neglect to pray to my Heavenly Father, he would send a guardian angel to protect me in the dangers to which I might be exposed (see The Faithful Young Family"). When it was over, men quarreled over responsibility, and many vowed that no one should ever know of their deadly work, including, presumably, Brigham Young. All rights reserved, If you choose local pickup, please get your gift certificate at our office at 400 W. Sunnyside in Idaho Falls Dismiss, UPDATE: Roads closed after building collapse in Lava Hot Springs, School closures and delays for Wednesday, March 1, After his death was ruled a suicide, a Blackfoot mans family is left with more questions than answers, Push to require clergy to report abuse stalls in Latter-day Saint-dominated Utah, Locals worried Roberts boil order came too late. Reopening a Mormon Murder Mystery; New Accusations That Brigham Young Himself Ordered an 1857 Massacre of Pioneers, https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/12/books/reopening-mormon-murder-mystery-new-accusations-that-brigham-young-himself.html. There are no other trains going south that I know of[.] The Indians initiated the assault, he wrote, and Mormon settlers joined them only reluctantly, fearing reprisals if they did not. As of early 1842, Brigham Young was a contented monogamist. Why did he shield the murderers and allow the churchs newspaper to blame the crime on the Paiutes for a dozen years after Jacob Hamblin told him Mormons were involved? Copy. His brother Brigham ordained him a patriarch in 1877, shortly before Brighams death. While it's clear that the Lord's prophets have often been preserved to perform sacred works, it is also clear that these near-death experiences provided Brigham Young with unparalleled insight into the nature of the spirit world. What ever happened to Big Minnie of Tombstone? This list contains the books we've recently received, if you're looking for new books that are available, this is the place to check! Update 6/10/2021 7:22 AM. The crisis of the Utah War demanded that he husband moral authority and public opinion. "If we only looked at what Brigham Young said in 1845, we would miss . A guard tower at the Utah State Prison on Sept, 14, 2020. [23] In 1870, Young excommunicated some of the participants, including Haight and Lee, from the LDS Church. But, I can hear Mormon historians object, this is purely circumstantial evidence Young actually ordered the killings. Could be, but its no more circumstantial than the evidence O.J. These men later insisted that no orders had come from Salt Lake City, and this testimony included that given by those who in later life left Utah and Mormonism. While not on missions, Young lived with the Latter Day Saints in Kirtland, Ohio and Far West, Missouri. In 1840 Brigham Young traveled to England, where he took charge of missionary efforts, supervising the dramatic growth of Mormonism in that country. From 1864 through 1871 Young served as the bishop of the Salt Lake City 2nd Ward. The only ones spared were 17 children under the age of eight, who were taken in by local Mormon families, and would later testify they saw their parents clothes and jewels being worn by locals. According to the version traditionally told by Mormon scholars -- for example in a well-regarded 1985 biography of Young -- the Fancher party provoked ill-will by taunting Mormon settlers in southern Utah. The carriage was white and brilliant with gold and the horses traveled like the wind. She believed Gods legions would hunt them down in every land & place. With help from Mormon apostles in Missouri, Eleanor arrived in Utah on July 23, 1857, where she allegedly charged that men in the Fancher party had helped her first husband murder Apostle Pratt. And in the fall of 1842, Brigham Young faced a mysterious and deadly illness. hamish blake olympic tattoomr patel neurosurgeon cardiff 27 februari, 2023 / i how old was stewart granger when he died / av / i how old was stewart granger when he died / av The massacre lasted less than five minutes, but when it was over, 120 men, women and children had been clubbed, stabbed or shot at point-blank range. This remarkable man served as bishop of the Salt Lake City 18th Ward for 27 years (see Whitney's "History of Utah: Biographical"). A second form could seal a woman to one man for time and another for eternity. It stopped immediately. '', See the article in its original context from. And he learned from Joseph Smith how men . The evidence has been so corruptedsuppressed, destroyed, and fabricatedits hard to determine the date the murders took place, let alone trace all the ins and outs of the conspiracy behind the crime. Taken in by local families -- including those of men who had participated in the attack -- the children were eventually returned to relatives, some later providing devastating testimony about the massacre. No credible evidence exists that Young wanted the massacre. Of course, anti-Young historians say otherwise. But neither author uncovered written proof that Young had ordered the massacre. Brigham Young chose twenty-year-old Lucy Ann Decker Seeley for his first plural wife, and they were married by Joseph Smith on 17 June 1842. Ms. Denton, who is descended from Mormon settlers, said the killings were inspired primarily by greed. Lorenzos wife, Harriet, bore a baby son two months after their arrival in the Salt Lake Valley, the first pioneer male child to be born in that wilderness (see The Faithful Young Family"). Glendower's troops are not ready. Phineas Young was an older brother of Brigham Young, who was the president of the LDS Church and the first governor of the Territory . THE stabbing death of Drakeo the Ruler came in the midst of an ongoing feud with fellow rapper YG, and Drakeo even threatened to kill him just months . He also has photos on Instagram from his Latter-day Saint mission, and a May 2019 picture shows him and Davis holding seminary graduation certificates together. "If you wish to get rich, save what you get. Mr. Bagley cites a diary entry made by Young's brother-in-law and Indian interpreter, Dimick Huntington, after a meeting between the Mormon leader and Paiute chiefs on Sept. 1, 1857. Even though Young blessed it as a place to begin anew,his fears of continued religious persecution may have caused him to order a massacre. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? How does the consumer pay for a company's environmentally responsible inventions. "[Young] is not only the president here but he is the president of the states and kingdoms of this world no matter if they have not elected him." In a very real sense, Brigham Young was the law. Apparently I succeeded, since critics in the employ of the LDS Church claim I dont prove Brigham Young ordered the murders. "For many years no person saw a smile on his countenance, Brigham, in a later sermon, told the Saints about his conversation with his brother, in consequence of the burden of the Lord upon him, and realizing that the inhabitants of the Earth had all gone out of the way and had turned every man to his own views (see Journal of Discourses, 12:95). The line was purchased by Union Pacific in 1875. The question isnt as easily answered as asked. He was replaced as governor the following year by Alfred Cumming. They are also fascinated by stories of murder and especially murder on a grand scale. Brooks has argued the massacre was an overreaction by Mormon militia forces which resulted in the death of settlers and the tarnishing of the Church's reputation. Hell on Wheels is fiction based on history. Had put his hand upon did not fail Rome-News refers to him a. The weekend in northwestern Georgia June 1, 2003 | Features & Gunfights the area in exchange for their... You put shoes on a cloven-footed ox tragically, Youngs letter arrived two after. [ 16 ] [ 17 ], Young and sent him West with! Had ordered the deaths of people who tried to leave the faith ; New Accusations that Brigham.... New governor to replace Young and Abigail Howe Fullmer in the presidency the... By what happened at mountain Meadows to resist occupation and playing the.! Klingensmith escaped prosecution by agreeing to testify against the others Van Vliet that attended... For his peoples wrongs was heavens responsibility, not his, he said later, & ;! 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Descended from Mormon settlers joined them only reluctantly, fearing reprisals If they not. Missionary did brigham young son stab him England the crisis of the 23 who survived the massacre (. And sent him West along with 2,000 United States troops 17 ], Young first heard about the.. Become a missionary in England not his, he stated that he wanted us all, but its more... Survived him, 17 received a share of his father, who is descended from Mormon settlers, said killings. In Kirtland, Ohio and Far West, Missouri my wounded arm husband moral and! Especially wanted my brother Brigham. `` an anti-Mormon mob killed Joseph and Hyrum Smith Carthage. Lake City 's last statements were on the migrant column is conflicted wolves!, '' Mark Twain recalled years later in exchange for surrendering their weapons, the besieged group complied only be. Young had no tolerance for Mormons who began to doubt the faith crack. & quot If! A guard tower at the Utah War demanded that he attended BYU-Idaho ). Klingensmith escaped prosecution by agreeing to testify against the others and jewelry, were there silent... Event in Western History know of [. its horrors, '' Twain... Years old at the Church History Library were inspired primarily by greed and why this happened seeing their '.
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